Level Of Welfare Research Articles

Evaluation of antimicrobial and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatments for BRD on health and welfare in fattening bulls: a cross-sectional study

Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of different treatments for BRD on health and welfare in fattening bulls. A total of 264 bulls were enrolled. Welfare was assessed on day 2 (T0) and day 15 (T1) after arrival. A decrease in the welfare level was observed from T0 to T1. All bulls were inspected clinically at T0 and T1 revealing an increase of skin lesions and lameness in T1. In both periods, a high incidence of respiratory disease was observed. A prevalence of 79.55% and 95.45% of Mycoplasma bovis using RT-PCR and culture at T0 and T1 respectively was observed. Blood samples were collected for haematology at T0 and T1. At T0, 36 animals were individually treated for BRD with an antimicrobial (IT), 54 received a metaphylactic treatment with tulathromycin (M), 150 received a metaphylactic treatment with tulathromycin plus a second antimicrobial (M + IT) whereas 24 were considered healthy and therefore not treated (NT). Additionally, 128 were treated with a non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAID). Neutrophils of M + IT were significantly higher than groups NT and M and the lymphocytes of M + IT were significantly lower than that of IT. White blood cells, neutrophils and N/L ratio of animals treated with an NSAID was significantly higher than that not treated. Lung inspection of 172 bulls at the abattoir indicated that 92.43% presented at least one lung lesion. A statistically significant effect of the NSAID treatment on the lung lesions was observed. Our findings indicate that BRD was a major welfare and health concern and evidence the difficulties of antimicrobial treatment of M. bovis.

Groundwater Extraction for Irrigation Purposes: The Case of Asymmetric Players

In this paper, we address the problem of groundwater exploitation by heterogeneous farmers for irrigation purposes. In particular, we study the possible inefficiencies that can arise in this type of common resource problem by considering the dynamic and strategic interactions between groundwater users. To this end, we build a two-player differential game in which two types of farmers (or many farmers grouped into two types, with a representative farmer for each group) display different characteristics related to their agricultural activity. More precisely, they can have different water demand functions, extraction costs, crop productivity, land types and time-preferences. Conditions are studied for the existence and uniqueness of the cooperative and non-cooperative solutions asymptotically converging to a steady state. The model is then applied to the case study of the Western La Mancha aquifer. Effects of the different heterogeneities on the degree of inefficiency of non-cooperative solutions with respect to cooperative solutions are analyzed. Numerical results show that cooperation is always beneficial for the environment and for the agents: It results in higher levels of groundwater stock and total welfare. Moreover, considering heterogeneous time preferences is crucial for reducing the inefficiency of non-cooperation with respect to cooperation, regardless of the other asymmetries between farmers.

QUANTITATIVE APPRAISAL AND SCIENTOMETRIC EXPLORATION INTO THE DIGITIZATION OF EDUCATION

In the current conditions, the digitalization of education in almost all countries of the world has become a vital strategy for the total restructuring of traditional forms, tools, methods and technologies of education. At the same time, the issue of financial literacy is one of the priorities in education since the level of social welfare and the level of economic development of the country depend on the level of financial literacy. The article is devoted to a thorough scientometric review of scientific publications on the digitalization of financial education, highlighting key ideas, trends in developing scientific views, prospects, and opportunities for further research. The bibliometric analysis was carried out using specialized methods and tools, in particular, in-built Scopus and WoS databases tools, VosViewer software, and the Google Trends web application. Publications were extracted from the two scientometric databases, Scopus and WoS, in the time interval from 1990 to February 2024. A dynamic analysis of research articles showed their intensive growth since 2020, which is due to increased attention to digital education in the context of global transformations, the COVID-19 pandemic, and military conflicts. A transnational representation of the research was identified, with key geographic centres in the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. A country-by-country analysis confirmed the connection between researchers due to similarities in educational strategies and geographical proximity. Using the results of the constructed bibliometric map, the thematic analysis identified 4 key clusters that confirm the central role of digitalization in financial education. Within the clusters, thematic groups of scientific publications were identified (innovations in education and digital technologies, socio-economic challenges in education, leadership and competitive advantages in education, financial and economic aspects of education, etc. The analysis identified promising research areas, including strategies to improve access to educational resources during crises, studying the impact of Industry 5.0 on financial education, studying financial innovations in education, and researching inclusive digital education.

The Political Economy of Pandemics’ Influence On Hegemonic Shifts: A Comparison of the Influenza of 1918 and COVID-19

Following the World Health Organization (WHO)'s declaration of ending the public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) for the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2023, this study seizes the opportune moment to analyze it alongside its historical precedent, the Influenza of 1918, commonly known as the Spanish flu. Amid the ongoing US-China rivalry for global leadership, the COVID-19 pandemic broke out when a century had elapsed since the Influenza of 1918. This analysis aims to test the hegemonic cycles approach of the World Systems Theory and to contribute to the literature of international political economy. The hegemonic cycles approach of the World Systems Theory calls for an analysis of the figures of industrial production, international trade, and finance to judge the changes within the international economy as a hegemonic shift, which occurs at 100-150 years in a circular nature. This study furthermore adds up the figures of GDP per capita to the analysis to provide insight into the level of welfare offered by the ascending hegemons to their citizens vis-à-vis the descending ones. Thus, changes in GDP per capita, industrial production, foreign trade, and finances of the UK vs. the US during the Influenza of 1918, and the US vs. China during COVID-19 provide insights into the political economy of pandemics in terms of their impact on changing hegemonic orders. The findings reveal that both pandemics triggered a period of hegemonic shift that was preeminent on economic terms within the international order.

Impacts of Direct Cash Assistance, Social Security Enrollment, and Employment Stability on the Welfare of Hand-Rolled Cigarette Workers in Central Java

This research investigates the relationship between Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) from the Tobacco Product Excise Profit Sharing Fund (DBHCHT), BPJS Employment, employment status, and the welfare of hand-rolled cigarette workers in Central Java, Indonesia. Given the significant shifts from manual to mechanized production in the tobacco industry, the study addresses the crucial aspect of worker welfare amidst these changes. The analysis focuses on four key areas: Pati, Kudus, Demak, and Jepara, utilizing data collected from 451 hand-rolled cigarette workers through structured interviews. The methodology involves an ordered logit regression model to evaluate how financial assistance, health and accident insurance coverage through BPJS Employment, and permanent versus contractual employment statuses impact the welfare of these workers, with welfare quantified in terms of income and asset ownership. The results indicate a positive correlation between the provision of BLT DBHCHT and improved welfare indices, highlighting the effectiveness of direct financial aid in enhancing living standards. Additionally, enrollment in BPJS Employment is significantly associated with better welfare outcomes, underscoring the importance of robust social security systems for protecting worker welfare. The study also finds that permanent employment contributes to higher welfare levels compared to contractual work, suggesting that job security plays a crucial role in promoting worker well-being. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted policy interventions aimed at improving socio-economic conditions for laborers within Indonesia's tobacco sector. They also advocate for an expanded scope of welfare indicators in future studies to include more comprehensive assessments of worker well-being, incorporating health, educational attainments, and psychosocial factors.

Research on health expenditure in Kazakhstan

Objective To understand and study Kazakhstan's resource planning and budget allocation in the field of health care through data related to Kazakhstan's health expenditure, to ensure the sustainable development of the health field between China and Kazakhstan, and to promote the medical and health undertakings among countries along the Belt and Road Initiative. Learn from each other's strengths and complement each other's weaknesses to promote cooperation. Methods Using the literature review method and comparative method, the per capita health expenditure in Kazakhstan and the other five Central Asian countries and China from 2001 to 2021 was compared with the proportion of GDP per capita, the proportion of self-pay expenditure in per capita health expenditure, and the total government health expenditure in the country. The proportion of GDP, per capita health expenditure and its proportion to per capita GDP, and the average actual growth average of per capita government health transfer expenditure and self-pay expenditure are compared with each other's medical and health security systems, health expenditures, national health levels and health resources. Results  From 2001 to 2021, Kazakhstan's per capita health expenditure accounted for per capita GDP fluctuated between 2% and 4%, while other countries had growth trends of varying degrees. China's growth trend was relatively stable; Kazakhstan's per capita out- of -pocket health expenditure grew on average. The value is the lowest, only 1.05%, and the growth of government health transfer expenditures is at a medium level; the proportion of Kazakhstan's self-pay expenditures in per capita health expenditures and the proportion of total government health expenditures in GDP are also at a medium level. Conclusion (a) Kazakhstan's medical and health security system has certain effectiveness, and China's medical and health security system also has its advantages. There is a need for in-depth cooperation and development between China and Kazakhstan. (b)Kazakhstan needs to maintain a low proportion of per capita health expenditure in per capita GDP. The low growth rate of self-pay health expenditure and the low proportion of self-pay expenditure in per capita health expenditure are conducive to maintaining social equity and social welfare levels. (c)It is necessary for Kazakhstan to increase investment in the health field, promote medical research and innovation, and deepen cooperation in the medical and health field with countries along the "Belt and Road".

The Efficacy of Developments in Agriculture and Industry Sectors on Economic Growth in Turkey: ARDL Approach

One of the oldest economic goals of societies around the world is to increase the welfare level of the society. For this reason, the phenomenon of economic growth has been one of the most studied subjects since history. In this work, the efficacy of production in Turkey's agricultural and industrial sectors on economic growth amongst 1980 and 2022 has been investigated. In addition, inflation and trade deficit data are included as control variables. ARDL bounds test was implemented in the work. Accordingly the outcomes of the work, in the first model, when the share of the agricultural sector in GNP increases by 1%, per capita income decreases by approximately 1.13%. A 1% increment in the inflation rate diminishes per capita income by approximately 0.18%. In the second model, the margin of the industrial sector in GNP has an affirmative efficacy on per capita income. The inflation rate, conversely, has a negatory efficacy on per capita income. When the share of the industrial sector increases by 1%, per capita income increases by approximately 4.5%. A 1% increment in the inflation rate diminishes per capita income by approximately 0.5%. The parameters related to international trade deficit are statistically insignificant.

Implementation Of Wage Unit Results In Meeting The Decent Living Needs (KHL) Of Batik Workers

Wage based on unit of output is a wage paid based on the production or quantity of goods produced by the worker, in this research, the amount of batik produced by the batik maker. This study aims to determine the implementation of piece-rate wages for batik workers, Pekalongan (Batang) area in Central Java and Cirebon, West Java to see the welfare of batik workers. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection instruments in the form of interviews and field observations. The magnitude of the poverty line and the average monthly per capita expenditure of the community at the provincial and city levels are indicators in determining the welfare level of workers. The results show that the piece-rate wages received by batik workers are higher than the city and provincial poverty lines, but still low when compared to the average monthly per capita expenditure at the provincial and city levels. Nevertheless, employers can determine the amount of wages below the government's decision if employers and workers have agreed. In conclusion, the wages received by the batik workers have not been able to fulfill the KHL of the batik workers optimally. However, batik makers are considered prosperous because they have fulfilled Article 36 Paragraph (2) of Government Regulation No. 36 of 2021 where wages in Small and Medium Enterprises, especially batik, have fulfilled at least 50% of the average consumption of the provincial community and at least 25% above the poverty line at the provincial level.

The politics of tariff cooperation in the presence of trade costs

AbstractThis study explores how income inequality among individuals in each country and trade costs depicting geographic distance between countries impact economic welfare and regime choice under representative democracy, comparing three trading regimes: most favored nation, customs union, and free trade agreement. We examine two cases: one in which trade costs are incurred symmetrically among all countries, and the other in which no trade costs are incurred among the potential member countries, but only between them and nonmembers. In each case, we identify the political feasibility of each regime as well as the impact on the average welfare levels.

The coevolution effect of central bank digital currency and green bonds on the net-zero economy

Directed by the net-zero emission goal, the green bond has become an essential financial tool to promote the development of the green economy. However, the greenwashing risk makes it doubtful whether the green bond can play a positive role. Therefore, this study constructs a six-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to analyze whether the coevolution of central bank digital currency (CBDC) and green bonds can fully play a positive role in promoting the net-zero economy. The results indicate that: (i) Increased CBDC supply has a positive effect on the economy, and also promotes green bond financing and net-zero emissions. (ii) Compared with non-interest-bearing CBDC, the coevolution of interest-bearing CBDC and green bonds is more likely to promote the net-zero economy and enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy. (iii) When the economy is overheating or in recession, the central bank can regulate green bond financing by adjusting the CBDC interest rate to promote a net-zero economy. (iv) The coevolution of interest-bearing CBDC and green bonds will achieve a higher welfare level than non-interest-bearing CBDC. This study provides guidance for the coevolution of CBDC technology innovation and green bond financial innovation.

How Population Density and Welfare Affect Crime Rates: A Study in East Java Province, Indonesia

Purpose: A one-fold increase in population has the potential to increase the per capita crime rate by more than two times and possibly four or six times.  In a country with a large population like Indonesia, the threat of crime can occur at any time. An increase in crime can also occur due to declining welfare levels such as during a recession in a country. Therefore, this study aims to see how population density and welfare affect crime rates.   Desaign/methodology/data analysis: The analysis used panel data from 38 regencies/cities in East Java province. This study separates the forms of crime based on the type so that the results will be more in-depth. The methods used are the Common Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model.   Finding: The results of this study show that per capita income and population density affect the crime rate in East Java. It found no significant association between economic shock and crime rates. When a shock occurs, government policy will provide peace for the community. So, they will focus more on improving their economic conditions rather than committing crimes.   Originality/value: This study provides a valuable empirical contribution by analyzing how population density and welfare impact the increase in crime in the community. This study examines the impact that occurs when an area experiences an economic shock that causes its welfare to decline, whether it will make people tend to commit crimes or focus on economic improvement.   Practical Implication: In densely populated areas, even though their welfare has declined due to economic shocks, it turns out that people are more focused on making economic improvements than committing criminal acts to improve their welfare. This is because of government intervention through policies that guarantee the economy so that people feel safe and can work and do better.

What Is the Level of Savings Needed for High-Technology Export Led Growth?

High-tech export-led growth is an important determinant in terms of having a milestone feature for the level of development of countries. Although the restrictions arise from recent literature, it is obvious that countries, like Korea with 35.7% the high-technology product export ratio and China with 31.3%, that have set a strategy on the high-technology export-led growth could have managed to achieve what they aimed to have. It is obvious that to make any investment in high-technology products, a certain level of savings should be achieved. The purpose of this paper is to determine the savings level that is necessary for achieving a high-technology export level for economic growth. The motivation arises from the willingness to shed light on policymakers on their way to achieve the high-technology export-led growth. Sixteen countries with high-technology product export levels higher than the World’s average are chosen in order to test the HXT export-led growth strategy at the initial stage. The period of 2007–2020 has been chosen due to the availability of the data. After achieving the result that there is a bidirectional casualty relationship between HTX and economic growth, by using the threshold regression model it is concluded that after achieving the savings level of 38.73%, countries can create an increase in their HTX level. And this is a very important output for policymakers for setting their strategies for the high-technology export-led growth. Hence the main aim of the policymakers is to increase welfare level of citizens, they should aim to reach 38.73% in order to achieve the high-technology export-led growth. After reaching this savings level they will have a chance to make investments for producing high-technology products by routing their savings to research and development and getting patents. In this way, they will have a chance to increase the welfare levels with the HTX-led growth strategy.

Anna Doyle Wheeler: Gender Equality and the Need for a Cooperative Economic System

In the early nineteenth century, the utilitarian feminist Anna Doyle Wheeler generated still relevant analysis of the political economy of gender. The feminist literature credits Wheeler and her coauthor William Thompson as the first to appreciate that reproductive labor, however exploited, plays a central role in capitalism. Wheeler convincingly argues why piecemeal reform within capitalism cannot generate equality. The answer: a cooperative economy. This article formalizes two central propositions attributed to Anna Doyle Wheeler: (i) high levels of social welfare require gender equality; and (ii) gender equality requires a cooperative economic system. Conditional on interdependence and perceptions of happiness, there is a fundamental coherence underlying the first proposition. This study explicates the reasoning for the second proposition using Wheeler’s insights into social psychology and her understanding of cooperative institutions. Identifying and constructing decentralized, self-governing, and commonly owned institutions that embody Wheeler’s broad principles remains a challenge. HIGHLIGHTS Feminist philosopher Anna Doyle Wheeler argued gender equality requires cooperation. Meaningful gender equality demands a social psychology of enlarged self-interest. Cooperative institutions of common property must be decentralized and self-governed.

Determinants of receiving child protection and welfare services following initial assessment: A cross-sectional study from the Republic of Ireland

BackgroundChildren receive child protection and welfare services when an initial assessment concludes that their needs and care would be significantly compromised without intervention or support. Evidence is lacking on this decision to provide services in the Irish child protection and welfare system. ObjectiveTo identify determinants of receiving services following an Initial Assessment.Participants and Setting.All children (n = 508) whose Initial Assessments were completed during the first quarter of 2016 in one of the four regions (spanning seven social work departments) of Tusla, the national Child and Family Agency. MethodsA cross-sectional study used data manually coded from social workers’ case records. Poisson regression analysis calculated incident rate ratios for receiving ongoing service, adjusting for demographic factors, family level and wider determinants of child welfare to investigate associations between predictor variables and the decision to provide services. Results38.5 % of children (n = 185) received ongoing child protection and welfare services. Risk factors for service provision included mother-perpetrated domestic violence (Incident Rate Ratio (IRR) 1.70 (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 1.33, 2.19)), concerns about guidance and boundaries (IRR 1.66 (95 % CI 1.29, 1.14)), lack of emotional warmth (IRR 1.62 (95 % CI 1.30, 2.02)), prior abuse (IRR 1.59 (95 % CI 1.30, 1.95)), prior involvement (IRR 1.51 (95 % CI 1.15, 1.98)), intergenerational involvement (IRR 1.40 (95 % CI 1.10, 1.76)), health concerns (IRR 1.30 (95 % CI 1.07, 1.57)), and being aged 0–4 years (IRR 1.28 (95 % CI 1.03, 1.59)). Being reported by mandated professionals (IRR 0.71 (95 % CI 0.56, 0.90)), assessed by female social workers (IRR 0.72 (95 % CI 0.59, 0.89)), and, when separately examined, parental cooperation (IRR 0.64 (95 % CI 0.53, 0.77)) reduced the likelihood of receiving service. No differences were noted between departments. ConclusionsService provision is largely driven by parental factors, prior involvement, and intergenerational abuse but gender disparities exist. Findings can be used to enhance decision strategies to improve outcomes for children and families.

ANALYSIS OF FARMERS' INCOME AND WELFARE DEEP COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA L) IN KERITANG DISTRICT, INDRAGIRI HILIR REGENCY

The purpose of this research is to: (1) determine the income level of coconut farmers (Cocos nucifera L) (2) Analyze the level of welfare of coconut farmers (Cocos nucifera L) in Keritang District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. The data collection methods used in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by conducting direct interviews with coconut farmers in Keritang District, Indragiri Hilir Regency using a questionnaire, while secondary data was obtained from relevant agencies as well as previous research journals and literature studies. This study used a survey method with a total of 44 respondents of coconut farmers obtained using the Taro Yamane formula and sampling with simple random sampling method. The analytical tool used to answer the first objective is income analysis tool (μ = TR - TC).  The analytical tool used to answer the second objective is the analysis of the level of welfare according to BPS 2022. The results of this study indicate that the average income of coconut farmers (Cocos nucifera L) in Keritang District, Indragiri Hilir Regency is IDR 56,084,645.45/farmer/ year or IDR 4,673,720.45/farmer/month and this study shows the welfare level of coconut farmers (Cocos nucifera L) in Keritang District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. The level of welfare of coconut farmers according to BPS indicators (2022) in Keritang District there are 30 farmers or 68.18% are at the level of welfare with the Good group and 14 farmers or 31.82% are in the category of sufficient welfare level.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN REGIONS IN STATE ADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Improvement of an area can be the main effort to improve people's welfare. In practice, community inclusion is one of the most important factors, and the main thing is arrangements with improvements based on the scale of needs. In Law Number 25 of 2000 concerning the National Development Program (Propenas) it is stated that the regional promotion approach is coordinated to realize broad, genuine and reliable regional independence in the system of community strengthening, self-directed education, political education, legal education, religious education, conventional education, and non-governmental organizations within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The concept of a welfare state is briefly characterized as a country whose government is considered to have the vision to guarantee the lowest level of welfare for every citizen. It considers the points for viewing and analyzing the degree of open inclusion in preparation for progress in the regions from the point of view of the State Authority Act. The strategy used in this thinking is sociological juridical with a statutory and contextual approach, while the information used is additional information. From the results of the consideration, several forms of open association were found in handling regional progress, such as through the Recess Program carried out by each part of the DPRD in the form of training in the form of open meetings with the community (constituents) and the Development Planning Deliberation program carried out by the government by involving all components of society from each level and profession.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN AIR TERJUN MANTOWU SEBAGAI WISATA ALAM DI WILAYAH KPHP UNIT II LASALIMU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

The challenge of the Production Forest Management Unit (KPHP) Unit II Lasalimu as a forest management unit at the site level is the management of forests that can support community welfare and increase state foreign exchange. Mantowu Waterfall is one of the tourist destinations in the KPHP Unit II Lasalimu area which is administratively located in Pasarwajo District, Buton Regency. The development of Mantowu Waterfall as a natural tourism needs to be supported by a feasibility analysis. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of Mantowu Waterfall as a natural tourist attraction. The research was conducted through data collection, observation, interviews, Focus Group Discussion. Data analysis using the Guidelines for Analysis of the Operation Area of Natural Tourism Objects and Attractions (ADOODTW) modified based on natural attractions.  The results showed that Mantowu waterfall is worth developing with a value of 67.72%. The greatest value is obtained from the attractiveness indicator owned by the waterfall but not supported by infrastructure and accommodation. In addition, the socio-economic condition of people with low welfare levels is a challenge for the development of Mantowu Waterfall as a natural tourist attraction.  Involvement of society as a subject to creating an independent productive society.

Education Of Water Needs And Management For Agriculture In Garagahan Irrigation Area

Irrigation Areas (DI) were built to meet various needs of life, especially to achieve the level of community welfare. D I Sangkir Garagahan was built by the Department of Water Resources and Construction Development in 1986 and is located in the Lubuk Basung sub-district, Agam regency. The current irrigation management is 671 hectares covering 3 working areas, namely Nagari Garagahan which has an area of ​​415 hectares of irrigated rice fields, Nagari Kampuang Tangah 136 hectares and Nagari Manggopoh 120 hectares. On April 15, 2022 an educational training was conducted to determine the needs and management of water for agricultural land. The methods used are lectures, discussions and training on the use of formulas to regulate plant water and soil management. The training was attended by the Nagari Garagahan community who are members of the Water User Farmers Association (P3A) and Water User Farmers Association (GP3A). Availability of water by adjusting plant water in the field and at the entrance gate for an area of ​​415 hectares of irrigated rice fields, the water requirement is 0.7204 m3/second. Soil management for agriculture is carried out by biological, non-biological and mechanical methods. By adjusting the capacity of the nagari for its implementation

The Influence of Agricultural Exports, High-Technology Exports, Investment, and Regulatory Quality on the Gross Domestic Product of APEC Member Countries

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the macroeconomic indicators that reflects the level of welfare of a country's population. The APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) forum has the main goal of promoting economic growth and enhancing prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. This is done by encouraging and facilitating more open trade and investment in the region. APEC member countries have different export characteristics, namely agricultural exports and high-technology exports. This study analyzes the influence of agricultural exports, high-technology exports, Foreign Direct Investment, and regulatory quality on the Gross Domestic Product of APEC member countries. The research data used are secondary data from the World Bank from 2011 to 2020, analyzed using the Fixed Effect Model approach of panel data regression method using E-Views 12. The results show that simultaneously, agricultural exports, high-technology exports, Foreign Direct Investment, and regulatory quality have a significant influence on the economies of APEC member countries. Partially, high-technology exports and regulatory quality have a positive and significant impact, while agricultural exports and Foreign Direct Investment have a positive but not significant impact on GDP. APEC countries should focus on productivity by harnessing technology and achieving inclusive economies for societal welfare.

WPŁYW WYBRANYCH CZYNNIKÓW NA DOBROSTAN PSÓW SPORTOWYCH – BADANIA ANKIETOWE

Cessation of use predispositions consistent with breed characteristics might be a source of constant frustration and behavioural disorders for the dog. Therefore, a lack of typical activity for a breed significantly reduces the level of well-being and negatively affects the quality of life. Aware owners of working-breed dogs are trying to fulfil their needs through activities offered by different dog (cynological) sports. However, some opinions state that dog sports might impair their well-being due to intensive training and competitions. The goal of this study was an assessment of the living conditions and the level of welfare of the dogs actively participating in dog sports, based on their owner’s declarations. The research material was gathered from a survey among dog sports competitors and people associated with dog sports but not practising them. Five hundred fifty respondents, including 407 active dog sports competitors, participated in the study. It was hypothesized that taking an active part in dog sports and their discipline impacts the owner’s awareness of the need to ensure a high level of welfare of the sporting dogs. The relationship between the sports discipline and the variables that determined the level of well-being was determined. Surveys have shown that in the opinion of people practising cynological sports, sports dogs are provided with a high level of welfare, although the percentage of people who gave such an answer depends on the dog sport practised.